What Should the Temperature Gauge Read in a 2002 Dodge Neon Warmed Up

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two. Ответьте на вопросы по тексту

1. 
   What phases does the product of the automobile comprise?
   
2. 
   What requirements must the automobile run across?
   
3. 
   Why are cars subjected to road tests
   
4. 
   What qualities are required of the auto?
   
5. 
   Why is it of import for the specialists in automobile industry to know calculating methods?
   

3. Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:

1. 
   The cars are subjected to road tests in order…
   

1. 1. 
      to shorten the time betwixt designing and manufacturing
      
   2. 
      to meet up-to-date requirements
      
   3. 
      to work out new technological processes
      
2. 
   The motorcar must take the following units….
   
   1. 
      high efficiency, long service life, driving safety and pleasant advent
      
   2. 
      shine acting clutch, silent gearbox, undecayed brakes and steering organisation
      
3. 
   The car must have the following qualities….
   
   1. 
      loftier efficiency, long service life, driving safety and pleasant appearance
      
   2. 
      smooth acting clutch, silent gearbox, dependable brakes and steering system
      

4. Components of Car

Basically, the car consist of iii parts:the power plants, or the engine, the chassis and torso.To these may be addedthe accessories: theheater, lighter, radio, speedometer and other devices. Thepower plant or engine is thesourceof power that makesthe wheels rotate and the car motility. It includeselectric, fuel, cooling and lubricating systems. About automobile engines havesix or eight cylinders.

The chassis consists of apower train, frame with axles, wheels and springs. Thechassisincludesbrakes and steering organization.

Theability train carries the power from the engine to thecar wheels andcontains the clutch, gearbox, propeller or cardan shaft, differential and the final drive.Theclutch is a friction device connecting (or disconnecting) the enginecrankshaftto the gears in thegearbox. It is used for freeing the gearbox from the engine and is controlled by theclutch pedal. Brakes are important mechanisms of the machine. They are used to wearisome or to end the auto. Almostbraking systems in use todayare hydraulic. They are operated by the brake pedal. When the driverpushes downward on the brake pedal, theyare applied and the car stops.

Задания:

1. 
   Переведите на русский язык встречающие в тексте интернациональные слова:
   

Automobile, chassis, speedometer, electric, system, cylinder, cardan, control, hydraulic, pedal, accessories, differential

2. 
   Подберите соответствующие ответы на вопросы и напишите их в той последовательности, в которой заданы вопросы.
   

Вопросы

1. 
   What are the main basic parts of the machine?
   
2. 
   What does the chassis consist of?
   
3. 
   What units does the power train incorporate?
   
4. 
   What is the office of the clutch?
   
5. 
   Why are brakes needed?
   

Ответы

1. 
   The clutch, gearbox, cardan shaft and the last drive
   
2. 
   Freeing the engine from the gearbox
   
3. 
   The power establish, the chassis and the body
   
4. 
   A power train, frame with axles, wheels and springs
   
5. 
   To deadening or stop the car
   

3. 
   Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания:
   

1. 
   The machinery used for stopping the automobile is…
   

1. 1. 
      clutch
      
   2. 
      gearbox
      
   3. 
      brakes
      
2. 
   The mechanism used for changing the speed is…
   

a) clutch

b) gearbox

c) brakes

3. 
   The mechanism used for connecting the engine from the gearbox is…
   
   1. 
      brakes
      
   2. 
      clutch
      
   3. 
      steering system
      
4. 
   The unit of measurement conveying the ability from the engine to the car wheels is…
   
   1. 
      ability establish
      
   2. 
      power train
      
   3. 
      chassis
      
5. 
   The instrument measuring the speed of the motorcar is…
   
   1. 
      heater
      
   2. 
      lights
      
   3. 
      speedometer
      

5. Internal-combustion Engines

Internal-Combustion engines are very important components of Automobile. It have the following advantages: modest specificweight(weight-to-power ratio), quick commencement, a relatively loftierfuel economy (loftierefficiency), small quantity of h2o required (merely for cooling), and even this not in all engines, speeds, adjustment over a certainrange.

On the other hand, international-combustion engines cannot be reversed straight orendure loftier overloads, and as a result when selecting an engine the required ability should bedeterminedfromthe highest loadduty; they also cannot be started under load, which calls for the use ofclutches. An international-Combustion engine should be provided with agear box(manual) to changethe torque, since the torque developed by the engine at variouscrankshaftspeeds changesinsignificantly.

Internal-Combustion engines apply for their operationthe thermodynamic processeswhich occur inthe clutches duringfuel combustion.

In carburetor  enginesthe combustible mixture is prepared outside the engine cylinders in a carburetor and is so delivered by the cylinders. The mixture isignitedby an electrical spark generated by a specialsource of current.

In diesel fuel engines the combustible mixture is formed inside the cylinders as the fuel is being injected through anozzle. The fuel isinjectedat the moment when the cylindercontainsstrongly compressed and thereforeheated air, which causes the mixture tococky-ignite. For this reason diesel engines are frequently calledcompression ignition engines.

A gas turbine is a rotary engine which transforms thekinetic energy of gas produced past fuel burned in a combustion bedchamber into mechanical piece of work. Gas turbine units consist of a compressor,fuel pump, combustion chamber with nozzle, and a gas turbine. And then far the loftier temperature of the gas hasprevented gas turbines from beingness used widely on automotive vehicle.
Задания:

1. 
   Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания
   

Internal-Combustion engines, advantages, weight-to-power ratio, fuel economy, adjustment, endure high overloads, the highest load, clutches, gear box

(transmission), the torque, the thermodynamic processes, carburetor and diesel types, flammable mixture, source of current, injected, pinch ignition engines, gas turbine, fuel pump.

2. 
   Закончите предложения, выбрав соответствующий вариант окончания
   

1. Combustion engine should exist provided with

a) clutch

b) gearbox

c) springs
ii. Internal-Combustion engines utilize for their operation…

a) the thermodynamic processes

b) with steering organisation
3. In carburetor engines the combustible mixture is prepared …

a) exterior the engine cylinders

b) inside the engine cylinders

4. 
   A gas turbine is a rotary engine which transforms…
   

4. 1. 
      mechanical piece of work.
      
   2. 
      kinetic free energy
      

iii . Ответьте на вопросы по тексту

1.What are the advantages accept the Internal-Combustion engines?

two. What energy does engine transform in gas turbine?

iii. What is the Internal - Combustion engine?
vi. Diesel Engine

If yous know something nearly ordinarygasoline engines, such as those in automobiles, you know have noticed that diesel engines in many respects, work in the same mode.

Both types of enginesare internal combustion engines, that is, they burn down the fuel inside theircylinders Most gasoline engines and manydiesel fuel engines work on thefour-stroke cycle, that is, thepistonmakesa suction stroke, acompression stroke, apower strokeand anexhaust stroke.

What are the master differences between diesel engines andgasoline engines?

1. 
   A diesel engine has no ignition system- Information technology has nospark plug fed with high-tension electricity from abenefactor, spark-ringlet, timer, and battery.
   

2. A diesel fuel engine draws into its cylinder air lone, and information technology compresses this air on itscompressions stroke before whatsoever fuel enters the cylinder

3. Diesel engines use greater compression than gasoline engines. The compression in a diesel engine is non limited by the possibilityof pre-ignition because a diesel engine compresses air only. Therefore, diesel engines use compression ratios of most sixteen to ane, and and so achieve greaterefficiency in the apply of fuel.

Why are diesel fuel engines used so much? Notmerely because they tin can producepower- there are many other ways of producing power.

Advantages of Diesel Engines.

1. 
   MinorConsumption of Fuel
   
2. 
   Cheap fuel
   
3. 
   Economy at Light Loads
   
4. 
   Greater Rubber
   
5. 
   Economy in pocket-sized Sizes
   
6. 
   Independenceof Water Supply
   
7. 
   Quick Starting
   

Задания:

1. Переведите слова и словосочетания на русский язык:

gasoline engines, internal combustion engines, diesel fuel engines, iv-stroke cycle, the piston, suction stroke, a pinch stroke, a power stroke and an exhaust stroke, spark plug fed, distributor, spark-coil, timer, and battery, pre-ignition, h2o supply

2. 
   Заполните таблицу
   

«The main differences between diesel fuel engines and gasoline engines»

Diesel ENGINE

GASOLINE ENGINE

1.

1.

2.

2.

3.

iii.

3. 
   Закончите предложения, выбрав их из текста:
   

1. 
   Almost gasoline engines and many diesel engines work on the…
   
2. 
   A diesel engine draws into its cylinder air solitary, and it compresses this air on its…
   

3. Diesel engines use ……………… than gasoline engines

4. 
   Therefore, diesel fuel engines use compression ratios of about…
   

7.4-Stroke Engine and Two-Stroke Engine

(DISEGN OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES)

The majority of present-dayinternal-combustion engines operate on thefour-cycle principle. Co-ordinate to the processes occurring in thecylinder, each of the 4 strokes is named as follows:

1 stroke – admission

two stroke – compression

iii stroke – power stroke

4 strokes- - exhaust

Admission Stroke. Theintake valve is open, thepistonmoves fromTDC to BDC.Ararefactionis built upward in the cylinder finish higher up the piston which in unlike engines. In view of the deviation inpressure level in the cylinder andcarburetor, thecombustion mixture flows from the carburetor into the cylinder.

Compression Stroke . At the end of theaccess strokeboth valves are shut off. As thecrankshaft continues to rotate information technology drives the piston from BDC to TDC. The temperature of the mixture at the end of the compression stroke reaches near 300c.

Power Stroke .At the stop of the upward stroke of the piston the compressed mixtureis ignited past an electric spark. Both valves are closed

Exhaust Stroke . The exhaust valve is open, the piston moves from BDC to TDC and ejects theused gases from the cylinder. At the end of the exhaust stroke, the temperature of the gases drops to 700-800c.

Ina two – stroke engine all theiv processes comprising the working

cycle are completed during 2 stroke of the piston, during one revolution of the crankshaft. This offers the post-obit advantages:

1 with thesame bones dimensions,a ii – stroke engineshould develop theoreticallytwice the power of a four – stroke engine

2 the engineoperates moresmoothly since the power strokesoccur twice every bit frequently.
Задания:

1. Переведите слова и словосочетания на русский язык:

internal-combustion engines, iv-bicycle principle, cylinder, admission Stroke, intake valve, pressure in the cylinder, combustion mixture, Compression Stroke, Power Stroke, Exhaust Stroke, a ii – stroke engine, smoothly.
а) Распределите правильно и переведите:

i stroke – power stroke 2 stroke – admission 3 stroke- - frazzle four stroke – compression
3.Закончите предложения, выбрав их из текста

1. 1. 
      The majority of present-twenty-four hours internal-combustion engines operate on the…
      
   2. 
      The intake valve is open, the piston moves from…
      
   3. 
      As the crankshaft continues to rotate information technology drives the piston…
      
   4. 
      At the end of the exhaust stroke, the temperature of the gases…
      
   5. 
      In a two – stroke engine all the four processes comprising the working cycle are completed during two stroke of the piston…
      

8. Fuel System

The fuel Organisation is designedto store liquid gasoline and to deliver it to theengine cylinders on the intakestrokein the grade ofvapor mixed with air. The fuel organization must vary the proportions of air andgasoline vapor to encounter the requirements of the various operating conditions. Thus forinitial starting with a common coldengine a very rich mixture of about 9 pounds of air to i pound of gasoline is needed. After the engine has warmed upwardly, it volition run satisfactorily on a leaner mixture of well-nigh xv pounds of air for each pound of gasoline. Forensuring acceleration and fullload or highspeed operation, the mixture must againbe enriched.

The fuel system consist of a tank in whichthe liquid gasoline is stored, a fuel line, ortube, through which the gasoline can be brought from the tank to the engine,a pump, whichpulls the gasoline through the fuel line, and a carburetor, which mixes the gasoline with air.The carburetor is designed to mix each pound of gasoline with 9 to 15 pounds of air nether diverse operating conditions. The richer mixtures of about nine pound of air per pound of gasoline are for starting,initial warm-up, and acceleration, while theleanermixtures of about fifteen pounds of air per pound of gasoline are for normal over-the road operation.
Задания:

1. 
   Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и словосочетания:
   

The fuel System, shop liquid gasoline, engine cylinders, vapor mixed, initial starting, acceleration, or tube, pulls the gasoline, the carburetor is designed

2. 
   Переведите письменно текст
   

3. 
   Переведите на русский язык встречающие в тексте интернациональные слова:
   

Design arrangement, carburetor, normal.
4. Закончите предложения, выбрав их из текста

1. 
   The fuel System is designed…
   
2. 
   Subsequently the engine has warmed up, it will run satisfactorily on a leaner mixture of about...
   
3. 
   The fuel system consists of a tank in which…
   
4. 
   The carburetor is designed to mix each pound of gasoline
   

9. Cooling organization

Then aninternal-combustion engine operates, the parts coming in contact with hot gases are strongly heated. If the temperature ofthe pistons, cylinder heads, valves and cylinders becomes likewise high,undesirable effects announced such asdeterioration of cylinder filling, power reduction ignition of fuel. Very often the oilburns outand losesits lubricating backdrop.

If the engine is excessively cooled, theportion of oestrus that goes for useful piece of workdiminishes and the power of the engine drops.

The cooling arrangement consists of the aggregate of all the devicesensuring the required thermal duty of the engine.

A water cooling system operates in the post-obit manner: the water present between the cylinder walls and the cylinder heads coolsthe heated inner walls and get heated itself in the process. It often flows tothe radiator, where it is cooled down by air. The cooled water is once againredirected to the engine waterjacket.

Forced cooling, when the water is circulated by a pump, is most mutual in modern engines. Cooling systems may exist open up or closed. In the first case, the volume of the system is not closedtightly. In the second casethe plugof the cooler is provided witha two-fashion steam-air valve, which is opened by an excesspressure of steam in the system and likewise when the force per unit area inthe libation drops below atmospheric by 0.05-0.02 kg/cm2.

To enable the engine to operate commonly, the temperature of the cooling water should be maintained at lxxx-xc irrespective of the load and the temperature of the environment. For this purpose and likewise to speed up the warming of the engine in starting, provision is made foradjusting the cooling charge per unit which can be varied by changing the volume of the air stream passing through the cooler and also by irresolute the charge per unit of h2ocirculation.

In addition to water cooling, mod international-combustion engines, peculiarlydepression-power types, ofttimes air-coolthe ribbed cylinder surfaces with the assistance offans.

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